What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a chronic and often progressive group of eye disorders that damage the optic nerve—the essential link between the eye and brain responsible for visual processing. This damage is commonly caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), though it can also occur with normal eye pressure. The condition usually develops slowly and painlessly, making it difficult to detect without regular eye check-ups. Most types of glaucoma begin by affecting peripheral (side) vision and, if untreated, may eventually lead to total blindness. Often called the “silent thief of sight,” glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Because it presents few or no early warning signs, early diagnosis and consistent treatment are vital for preserving long-term vision.

Common Glaucoma Symptoms

In early stages, glaucoma may show no signs at all. As it progresses, symptoms can include:

Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision
Blurred or hazy vision
Eye pain or pressure
Headaches
Seeing halos around lights, especially at night
Sudden vision loss (in acute cases)
Redness or nausea (in angle-closure glaucoma)

Routine eye exams are vital, as symptoms often appear only after significant vision damage has occurred.

Types of Glaucoma

Primary Open-Angle (POAG)

This is the most common type and develops slowly. The drainage angle remains open, but fluid drains too slowly, increasing IOP. It progresses painlessly and often goes unnoticed until peripheral vision is affected. Regular screening is key, especially for people over 40 or with a family history.

Angle-Closure (ACG)

Also known as closed-angle glaucoma, it occurs when the drainage angle becomes blocked, leading to a sudden rise in eye pressure. Symptoms include intense eye pain, redness, nausea, and sudden vision loss. It is a medical emergency and needs immediate treatment to prevent permanent blindness.

Normal-Tension (NTG)

In this type, optic nerve damage occurs even when eye pressure is within normal limits. It may be linked to poor blood flow to the optic nerve or increased optic nerve sensitivity. Regular optic nerve exams are essential for detection, especially in patients with low blood pressure or vascular issues.

Congenital (Childhood) Glaucoma

This rare type affects infants or young children due to improper development of the eye’s drainage system. Symptoms include excessive tearing, light sensitivity, and an enlarged cloudy cornea. Early surgical treatment is usually required to preserve vision.

Risk Factors for Glaucoma

Several factors can increase the risk of developing glaucoma, including:

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP): the most significant risk factor
Age over 40: especially those above 60
Family history of glaucoma: strong genetic link
Ethnic background: higher risk in African, Hispanic, or Asian populations
Diabetes or high blood pressure: can affect optic nerve health
Thin corneas: may increase risk and affect IOP readings
Eye injuries or trauma: can damage fluid drainage
Prolonged use of steroids: especially eye drops
Previous eye surgeries or diseases: such as retinal issues
Severe nearsightedness (myopia): linked to optic nerve damage

If you have any of these risk factors, regular eye exams are essential to detect glaucoma early and preserve your vision.

Glaucoma Diagnosis & Treatment

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis involves several painless tests:

Tonometry (to measure eye pressure)
Ophthalmoscopy (to inspect the optic nerve)
Visual field testing (to check peripheral vision)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Treatment options include:

Eye drops: To reduce eye pressure by decreasing fluid production or increasing drainage
Oral medications: In some cases, to help lower pressure
Laser therapy: Such as SLT or iridotomy for better drainage
Surgical procedures: Like trabeculectomy or tube shunts in severe cases

Early treatment can prevent further vision loss but cannot reverse existing damage.

Post-Surgery Care Tips

If surgery is performed, post-op care is crucial for healing and maintaining results:

Use prescribed eye drops regularly to control inflammation and pressure
Avoid rubbing or pressing the eye
Wear a protective shield at night if advised
Limit heavy lifting or strenuous activity
Attend all follow-up appointments for pressure monitoring
Report symptoms like increased redness, pain, or blurred vision immediately

Recovery time varies, but most patients can resume normal activities within weeks with proper care.

Glaucoma Prevention Tips

While glaucoma can't always be prevented, the risk and progression can be managed with:

Regular comprehensive eye exams (every 1–2 years for those over 40)
Managing underlying health issues like diabetes and hypertension
Wearing protective eyewear during high-risk activities
Avoiding overuse of corticosteroids unless prescribed and monitored
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: exercise regularly, eat antioxidant-rich foods, and avoid smoking
Staying hydrated and managing stress, as both can impact eye pressure

Early detection remains the most effective preventive measure.